Testosterone is the key hormone responsible for developing male sex characteristics, such as facial hair and a deeper voice, and it plays a pivotal role in muscle mass and sexual function in both men and women.

Over the past few decades, research has shown a subtle yet steady decline in testosterone levels among men, a trend documented since the 1980s and highlighted by a 2021 study in the peer-reviewed journal European Urology Focus. This study, which analyzed testosterone levels in adolescent and young adult men from a U.S. national database, revealed a consistent drop in average total testosterone over the past 20 years—a decline that correlates with rising body mass index. Despite this trend, testosterone levels have not yet dipped to clinically low ranges across the population, but they are inching closer to that point each year.

So, what’s driving this downward trend? While some factors are beyond individual control, lifestyle choices significantly contribute. Conditions like diabetes and obesity are closely linked to lower testosterone levels. Data show that another increasingly common concern seems to be whether sexual activities like masturbation and ejaculation decrease testosterone levels and lead to hormonal imbalances in males. In short, research in this area does not support the idea that these activities impact testosterone levels over the longterm.

Keep reading for more, as researchers and experts Lawrence Hawkim, MD, a board-certified urologist at the Cleveland Clinic, Kevin Pantalone, DO, a board-certified endocrinologist at the Cleveland Clinic, and Jessica Shepherd, MD, MBA, FACOG, board-certified OB/GYN and thought leader on menopause, speak to the science between masturbation and testosterone levels.

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Does masturbation affect testosterone levels?

While masturbation does influence testosterone, it does not decrease these levels, according to Cleveland Clinic urologist Dr. Hawkim. He says masturbation neither triggers hypogonadism (low testosterone or “low T”) nor impacts long-term testosterone levels. However, Dr. Hawkim says, its short-term effects are still under investigation.

Researchers in Germany, focusing on molecular and cellular sports medicine and cardiovascular research, also investigated this subject. Their 2021 study, published in the peer-reviewed journal Basic and Clinical Andrology, suggests that masturbating before strength training could actually lead to a temporary boost in testosterone levels, aiding in muscle growth. Further studies are necessary to solidify these findings.

Testosterone is also essential for females, particularly postmenopausal women. Dr. Shepherd explains that reductions in testosterone, along with decreases in estrogen and progesterone during menopause, “impact the physical response as well as the psychological response” surrounding sexual activity. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and considering hormone supplementation can be important for women during this transition.

An article published in The Journal of Sexual Medicine in 2021 found that higher testosterone levels in women are associated with increased libido and more frequent masturbation or sexual activity, and, like in men, the long-term effects of masturbation on testosterone levels appear negligible.

Although further research is necessary to fully understand the specific effects of various sexual activities like masturbation on testosterone levels, current scientific evidence and expert consensus indicate that masturbation does not cause a long-term decrease in testosterone levels.

What decreases testosterone?

According to the American Urology Association (AUA), low blood testosterone is defined as levels below 300 nanograms per deciliter (ng/dL). Dr. Hakim notes that “anything that negatively affects overall health can diminish testosterone levels.”

Here are several factors that commonly lead to decreased testosterone:

FACTORS THAT DECREASE TESTOSTERONE

Age: Testosterone levels naturally start to decline around age 30.

Obesity: Excessive body fat, especially around the abdomen, can adversely affect testosterone production.

Stress: Chronic stress raises cortisol levels, which can inversely affect testosterone.

Poor sleep: A lack of quality sleep can significantly lower testosterone levels.

Poor diet: Diets low in protein, healthy fats, and calories can impair hormone production.

Alcohol consumption: Heavy drinking can reduce testosterone production and cause other hormonal imbalances.

Certain medications: Opioids, steroids, and medications prescribed for prostate cancer can decrease testosterone.

Chemotherapy or radiation therapy

Chronic illnesses: Diseases such as diabetes, kidney disease, and liver cirrhosis.

Direct injury to the testicle

Brain injury

Hypothyroidism

Environmental toxins: Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, such as BPA, pesticides, and certain plastics.

What are the signs of low testosterone?

Low T can present through various symptoms. Here are some typical signs to be aware of:

• Reduced sex drive
• Erectile dysfunction
• Fatigue
• Mood changes
• Reduced muscle mass
• Increased body fat
• Decreased bone density
• Difficulty concentrating
• Hair loss
• Reduced semen volume

How can I increase my testosterone?

Boosting your testosterone is largely about embracing a healthier lifestyle.

Dr. Pantalone explains, “It’s normal for a person to experience a drop in testosterone as they age, but we’re seeing that process accelerated in more recent times because of poor overall health.”

Here are some effective strategies to enhance your hormonal health:

• Exercise more: Regular physical activity, especially strength training and high-intensity interval training, can boost testosterone levels.

• Eat healthy: Focus on a balanced diet rich in proteins, healthy fats, and whole grains. Foods like eggs, leafy greens, and fatty fish are particularly beneficial. Avoid excess alcohol, smoking, and substance use.

• Get quality sleep and manage stress: Aim for 7-9 hours of sleep per night and explore stress reduction techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises.

If you’re concerned about your testosterone levels or are experiencing symptoms such as fatigue or low libido, consult your healthcare provider. They can perform tests to determine the cause, which may be linked to low testosterone or another health issue. They can also discuss if you need testosterone replacement therapy if levels are significantly low due to medical conditions.

For more wellness updates, subscribe to The Healthy by Reader’s Digest newsletter and follow The Healthy on Facebook and Instagram. Keep reading:

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• Here’s How Long Masturbation Should Last, Say Sexual Health Experts
• This Is How Often Most People Masturbate, Say Doctors & Recent Data
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It’s reported that metabolic syndrome affects a quarter of the world’s adult population, which is a figure that’s been growing in recent years as populations age. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that often accompany or raise the risk for each other, including heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and stroke.

However, Johns Hopkins cardiologist Chiadi E. Ndumele, MD, MHS says many people don’t even realize they have metabolic syndrome, let alone its risks.

Metabolic syndrome can be identified if a patient has at least three of these symptoms:

• Large waistline
• High blood pressure
• High blood sugar levels
• High LDL, or “bad,” cholesterol levels
• Low HDL, or “good,” cholesterol levels

The good news is that metabolic syndrome is largely preventable. A new study from Irish biomedical researchers highlights diet changes you can make to reduce your risk.

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The June 2024 study published in Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome followed 980 Irish adults aged 60 years and older for five years to determine how certain nutrition choices play into metabolic syndrome. Of the participants, 67% had metabolic syndrome when the study began, with that number rising to 74% at the five-year follow-up.

Of the participants who developed metabolic syndrome over that time, the researchers identified several common risk factors, including increased triglyceride concentration and waist circumference.

They also identified that eating certain nutrients could lower the risk of metabolic syndrome as well as its associated conditions. For example, participants who ate a higher protein intake and greater monounsaturated fatty acids (healthy fats that come from plant-based sources such as olive oil), had a lower risk of metabolic syndrome. A higher protein intake also was associated with a lower risk of abdominal obesity and hypertension.

The researchers also measured the quality of the protein participants ate using a protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score, which compares a food’s amino acid composition to what our bodies require. They observed that participants with metabolic syndrome consumed less “high-quality” protein foods, such as meat, dairy and soy products, and more “low-quality” protein foods, such as breads and sweets.

As Dr. Ndumele says, understanding how common and serious metabolic syndrome is can be a vital first step toward taking control of your health. By incorporating more healthy fats and proteins rich in essential amino acids in your diet, you’ll reduce your risk of a host of associated health problems—and that doesn’t have to come at the cost of your taste buds! Check out the 10 “perfect proteins” and our list of healthy fats to start taking your wellness into your own hands.

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• 21 Amazing Health and Beauty Benefits of Olive Oil
• Study: Walking Daily Can Reduce Your Diabetes Risk by 74%

Facing the day when you’re feeling low is daunting, and chances are good that your mood, energy, sleep and appetite are affected. According to the World Health Organization, 5.7% of adults over age 60 struggle with depression globally—but the National Institute on Aging emphasizes that while depression may be prevalent, is not considered to be a normal part of healthy aging.

Research has shown that certain lifestyle changes that commonly occur with age can contribute to depression, such as spending more time sedentary and alone. A 2024 meta-analysis of more than 200 studies on depression and exercise found making efforts to stay active is a reliable way to combat feeling down—and new research suggests one way to move your body is particularly powerful.

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The June 2024 meta-analysis published in BMC Geriatrics reviewed 47 studies, encompassing nearly 3,000 participants and analyzing the effects of seven types of exercise on depressive symptoms:

• Walking
• Yoga
• Aerobic exercise
• Tai Chi
• Qi gong, gentle movement exercises that facilitate the release of suppressed energy and emotions
• Resistance training
• Mixed physical activity

The researchers also aimed to determine how different “doses” of each exercise, or how often and how long you do a certain workout, could affect depressive symptoms. They measured these doses in “MET” scores, with “MET” standing for the metabolic equivalent of a task, according to the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. METs quantify the energy expended while engaged in an activity and can be “translated” into the intensity of movement:

• Sedentary: Uses 1.5 or fewer METs
• Light exercise: Uses between 1.6-3 METs
• Moderate exercise: Uses between 3-6 METs
• Vigorous exercise: Uses at least 6 METs

According to WebMD, doctors often use MET scores to prescribe exercise to patients. They are calculated by multiplying the METs expended during an activity by the number of minutes someone practices—or is being advised to practice—that activity each week. For example, taking a slow stroll would use about one MET, and doing so for an hour each day would have a MET score of 1 x 60 x 7 = 420.

The June 2024 meta-analysis researchers observed that older adults who incorporated regular walking, aerobic exercise, yoga, Qigong, resistance training, or Tai Chi all experienced “significantly alleviated depressive symptoms” compared to the control group.

However, walking, in particular, yielded “the best effects.” Researchers notably observed that walking effectively reduced symptoms of depression even at a “very low dose” of 250 METs/week.

Overall, the researchers found that expending between 350 to 1,000 METs per week effectively reduced depressive symptoms, with an ideal dose of at least 800 METs per week.

This synthesis of such a vast body of research reminds us that exercise is one of the most powerful tools to boost self-esteem, create a feeling of achievement, provide opportunities for social connection, and fire up the endorphins that make you feel so much better.

No matter how old you are, if you’re struggling with depression, consider starting with just a slow, easy walk around the block to feel how the fresh air, sunshine and a little gentle movement affect your mental well-being. You’re worth the effort.

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I love the thought of a mindful morning—but I suspect like a lot of folks who work from home, my days still start in a rush. Summer calls for a breakfast that’s quick, energizing and filling, but not steamy…mornings are already pretty warm where I live.

That ruled out oatmeal. And, as much as I love a good protein smoothie, I don’t think my downstairs neighbor loves the sound of my blender at 6 a.m.

I recently learned that Greek yogurt is considered a “perfect protein,” which means it’s one of the few foods that contain all nine essential amino acids. Most yogurt products are known for their protein content, but the difference is that Greek yogurt is made by straining regular yogurt to remove extra liquid and whey. This results in a denser and creamier yogurt that’s low in sugar and has a higher protein and probiotics concentration resulting from the natural fermentation process. This sends healthy bacteria into the belly to help optimize the gut.

It’s for these reasons Greek yogurt has so many benefits. According to research, such as one 2015 microbiology study, Greek yogurt has been found to aid digestion, boost immunity, improve bone strength and heart health, possibly lower diabetes risk and even potentially lower risk of urinary tract infection.

Ahead, a Cleveland Clinic nutritionist helped me understand what I experienced during my week-long experiment to find which of the health benefits of Greek yogurt I’d discover for myself.

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Eating greek yogurt every day

I quickly discovered that what I love most about Greek yogurt is its versatility. I’ve always considered myself a texture-focused eater who needs a forkful of different mouthfeels, whether I’m eating a salad with crunchy lettuce and soft goat cheese or a creamy soup with croutons. I found that Greek yogurt is a perfect conduit for a variety of healthy toppings—or a condiment itself. The low sugar content across brands of Greek yogurt also made it simple to narrow down the brand I chose: I went for the cheapest in the chilled dairy case.

Most days I opted for the classic breakfast approach, sprinkling some Heritage Flakes, berries, peanut butter and honey on top of my Greek yogurt, sometimes adding some pomegranate seeds if I was feeling adventurous. 

However, Greek yogurt also made its way into my lunches and dinners as a delicious and healthy sour cream substitute. I dolloped it onto tacos, swirled it into a bowl of chili, and added it to the batter of a baked good to bring creaminess to the dish.

Roasting a sweet potato for 50 minutes at 425 degrees Fahrenheit and finishing it off with a bit of salted butter and a scoop of Greek yogurt got me through a couple sleepy afternoons when I felt my energy dipping.

Greek yogurt affected my appetite

The first thing I noticed after eating Greek yogurt was how full it made me and how long that fullness lasted. I typically pick at light snacks throughout the day instead of eating full-sized meals, and while this is a healthy approach to dieting in some respects, it can often leave me unsatisfied. But when I started incorporating Greek yogurt into my diet, it was immediately apparent what a difference it made. I could eat a bowl at 7 a.m. and feel undistracted to snack until well into the afternoon. 

According to Beth Czerwony, MS, RD, CSOWM, LD, a Clinical Registered Dietitian with the Cleveland Clinic since 2007, that’s because of the protein content. “Protein takes longer to digest than carbohydrates, so often higher protein options do end up helping with sustained satiety,” Czerwony explains. “Taking longer to digest allows the calories to be distributed with a slower release, allowing for a more subtle increase in blood sugar versus something that would provide a quick release that would cause a spike and then drop in glucose levels.”

Greek yogurt affected my energy and mood

Along with that long-acting full feeling came a noticeable energy boost. Fueling my body with something packed with protein accompanied by that gradual blood sugar increase helped prevent a mid-day “crash,” so my energy felt consistent throughout the day. Greek yogurt is also a good source of vitamins A, B12, and magnesium, all of which can contribute to higher energy levels. 

Alongside a lift in energy, I noticed a lift in mood. Czerwony says that could just be because being fuller makes me happier—OK, fair point—but she adds that there is also some science at work here: “Some studies do endorse a mood-boosting side effect since yogurt does increase serotonin, which is the ‘feel-good’ neurotransmitter,” Czerwony says. That aligns with consistent research that’s found probiotics can improve mental health states.

Greek yogurt impacted my digestion

My system tends to be a little sensitive to dairy, and I sometimes experience constipation or other issues when I’ve had a little too much ice cream or a latte with whole milk. So at first I had to ease in to eating Greek yogurt every day—a full stomach and enhanced energy wouldn’t do much good if I were constantly running to the bathroom (nor would that put me in a very good mood).

I found Greek yogurt actually aided my digestion, helping keep my bowel movements regular throughout the week, without a single instance of bloating. Czerwony says the probiotics in Greek yogurt can “positively affect your gut health and regulate your GI tract,” populating the gut with good microbes that neutralize the harmful ones and thereby help us break down our food properly.

There’s also a good reason that Greek yogurt didn’t trigger my typical lactose sensitivity. According to U.S. Dairy, the straining process that is unique to Greek yogurt means it has less lactose than regular yogurt or other dairy products. The live and active probiotic culture in Greek yogurt also helps break down the lactose it contains, making it easier to digest.

So, if you’re looking for a little more energy and satisfaction in your day, my seven days eating Greek yogurt are evidence it’s worth a try, even if you have this same dietary restriction.

• I Ate Cottage Cheese Every Day for a Week—Here’s What Happened
• 14 High-Protein Breakfast Ideas That Will Help You Lose Weight
• Cooking With Greek Yogurt: 7 Savory Recipes to Try
• The Best Probiotics for Weight Loss

Drinking water helps your skin look young. We’ve all heard this colloquial wisdom—but for many, the very phase of life when you’re most invested in rejuvenating your glow happens to be the era when certain body parts (like the bladder) get more sensitive to beverage intake, and when the day often feels too fast-paced to keep running to fill that glass.

Now, dermatology and metabolism researchers in Busan, Korea have pinpointed the amount of water that makes a scientific difference in keeping the skin moisturized from within.

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A June 2024 study published in the Annals of Dermatology aimed to analyze the benefits of moisturizer application and hydration on the human skin barrier, which is the outermost layer of our skin that protects the body from environmental threats and maintains its water balance.

The study involved 43 Korean women ranging between their twenties and forties, average age 28 years. Twenty-two participants were considered part of the “high daily water intake group” (more than one liter), and 21 participants were considered part of the “low daily water intake group” (less than one liter). Each group was then subcategorized into one of four more categories:

• Group 1: Additional water intake of two liters each day.
• Group 2: Additional moisturizer application three times a day.
• Group 3: Both additional two-liter water intake each day and additional moisturizer application three times a day.
• Group 4: A control group that maintained their typical water intake and moisturizer application.

The researchers followed participants over four weeks, evaluating the skin surface hydration of each participants’ forehead, left cheek, left forearm, left shin and left hand dorsum, which is the back of the hand.

Using a specialized probe that measured the density gradient of the water evaporation from the skin, the researchers measured skin moisture at the beginning of the study, then after two weeks, and finally after four weeks.

After the fourth week, the researchers noted a few “significant differences” for certain groups. Group 1’s stratum corneum, the superficial layer of the epidermis, showed an increase in hydration in the left shin.

Groups 2 and 3 also both saw an increase in stratum corneum hydration on their left forearm, left hand dorsum and left shin.

Perhaps most notably, the research team reports that skin moisture “showed a tendency to be higher on the forehead, left cheek, and left forearm of the [high daily intake water group], which is thought to be contributed by one liter of daily water intake to a certain extent.”

That being said, simply increasing water intake did not cause major changes in skin health and appearance for participants—that needed to be supplemented with a moisturizer regimen.

Also worth noting is that the study was conducted on a limited sample of participants hailing from one region of the world, while the research team also noted that relative humidity in the location where the measurements were taken stayed steady between 50% to 52%.

All factors considered, the results of this study may offer a solid target for daily water intake: If you’re getting a liter a day, you’re probably doing your body good.

• The 3 Best Hydrating Beverages That Aren’t Water, from a Certified Sports Dietitian
• New Study: This Unlikely Exercise Can Give You Gorgeous Skin
• If You See Oil in Your Urine, an Expert Doctor Explains What It Means
• The 6 Best Supplements for Your Bladder, According to a Urologist

Following the 2023 World Championships in Budapest last August, Sha’Carri Richardson is heading into the 2024 Paris Olympics as the fastest woman in the world. The 24-year-old previously faced a last-minute suspension from the 2020 Olympics due to testing positive for THC metabolites, which she attributes to cannabis use to cope with the stress of her biological mother’s death a week before Olympic trials. However, four years later, Richardson is again dominating the track and field world, and she has her eyes set on the gold.

In a partnership with yogurt manufacturer Danone, Richardson is highlighting just how crucial it is to fuel our bodies with a healthy diet balanced with high protein to get us through our days, no matter whether we’re going for a jog after work or training for the Olympics.

Richardson spoke with The Healthy by Reader’s Digest to share how she’s going a “step further” in her approach to nutrition ahead of the games, her standard bedtime routine and the decadent French dessert she’s most excited to try in Paris.

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The Healthy: Sha’Carri, the games are getting closer. Tell us about your routine right now.

Sha’Carri Richardson: Coming into this summer, I’m definitely taking it a step further to be mindful of everything that I’m eating. I’m paying more attention to what I’m eating, and even the times I eat. Going into this year, something that’s different is just my attentiveness to my foods, and also my hydration.

One of the quick drinks or snacks I like to grab are the Oikos Pro Drinks, with 23 grams of protein, or the Pro Shots, with 10 grams of protein. It’s so convenient and it allows me to go about my day while still getting something that is filling and protein-packed on the go. If I don’t want a full meal after practice, I know I can turn to these new products and get a similar protein level in my body.

The Healthy: We know you’ll be busy, but what are you most looking forward to enjoying in Paris outside of the games?

Sha’Carri Richardson: I’m really excited just to experience all that Paris has to offer! I was just there, and I didn’t get to really explore it because I didn’t feel like I had earned my right to be there just yet. More than anything, I’m really, really excited to try some Paris crepes!

The Healthy: We are jealous! How will you be sure you’re well rested?

Sha’Carri Richardson: Even on a day-to-day basis—not just before a race—I try to be in bed early, before 10:00 p.m., because I do like to be up early, but I know I need to get a good amount of sleep. Shutting down my day that early helps me recover in a more efficient way.

My sleeping schedule and routine are very consistent because I feel that sleep is one of the biggest key components in recovery. So, I’m very consistent about getting in bed before 10:00 p.m.

The Healthy: Self-care must be such an important factor when you’re facing so much pressure and stress. What’s the self-care practice you can never skip?

Sha’Carri Richardson: Soaking in the tub. That’s one of my favorite things that I do for myself, and I cannot skip it!

• Gabby Douglas Comments on Prioritizing Self-Care Amid Forgoing the Olympics
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It’s remarkable how willing some doctors have been to write scripts for patients to get off-label access to diabetes drugs like Ozempic and Wegovy for the purpose of weight loss. However, in some cases, patients have found their own avenues to get these medications—in fact, this year there have been multiple reports of “counterfeit” versions of these weight loss injectables, with several patients having been hospitalized for reactions.

Interestingly, the level of risk may not stop there. This week, the FDA published a report that 751 units of tirzepatide were recalled on April 20, 2024. Tirzepatide is the generic name and active ingredient for diabetes and weight-loss drugs Mounjaro and Zepbound, which are two common brands among this class of medication. One 2021 study published in the New England Journal of Medicine suggested that Mounjaro may in fact be “superior to semaglutide”—with semaglutide being the active ingredient in competitors like Ozempic and Wegovy—at controlling blood sugar (and presumably perhaps appetite and weight loss, too).

A Texas firm, Revive Rx Pharmacy, appears to be the manufacturer for the 10-milligram multi-dose tirzepatide vials, which have been recalled alongside two millimeter doses of compounding sterile solution. The reason for the recall, according to the FDA report, is a “label mix-up”—and an alarming one: “Product labeled as tirzepatide contains testosterone cypionate.”

That’s right: Vials packaged as tirzepatide actually contain testosterone. The FDA’s report states only that the drug was distributed “USA nationwide,” but not to specific regions or organizations. The recalled tirzepatide bears the following identifiable details:

Lot #: 748127, Expiration 9/24/2024

The FDA has categorized this as a Class I recall.

What Each FDA Recall Classification Means
Class I Recall	This is the most severe recall type, issued for products that could cause serious health issues or death.
Class II Recall	This type involves products that may cause temporary or medically reversible adverse health effects.
Class III Recall	This is for products that are unlikely to cause health problems but fail to comply with FDA labeling or manufacturing regulations.

The Healthy by Reader’s Digest contributor Dr. Tricia Varacallo, DO, lists a few potential health consequences for individuals who unknowingly administer testosterone:

Diabetes management: Patients who should be receiving tirzepatide for diabetes will miss out on their medication, leading to uncontrolled blood sugar levels. Over time, this may result in high blood sugar, or hyperglycemia, which can lead to serious health issues like diabetic ketoacidosis, cardiovascular disease, nerve damage, and other severe complications.

Unintended hormone exposure: Patients mistakenly given testosterone cypionate instead of tirzepatide could experience effects linked to elevated testosterone levels. Testosterone is a hormone that influences many body functions, including muscle mass, fat distribution, and bone density. Inappropriate use can lead to hormonal imbalances, potentially causing mood swings, increased aggression, skin issues, and changes in sexual function. In individuals not prescribed testosterone, such exposure might also risk more severe side effects like cardiovascular issues or liver problems. Unintended hormone exposure could be particularly serious for certain groups like pregnant women or those with hormone-sensitive cancers (like breast or prostate cancer). It’s important for anyone affected to consult their healthcare provider immediately.

Lack of expected weight loss: This could be particularly frustrating and potentially harmful for patients relying on this medication as part of a broader weight management plan, possibly leading to emotional distress or a setback in their health goals.

Revive Rx did not immediately respond to The Healthy‘s request for comment.

Subscribe to The Healthy by Reader’s Digest newsletter and follow The Healthy on Facebook and Instagram. Keep reading:

• What Is a Recall, and Why Do They Happen? An Expert Explains
• More Than 20,000 Pounds of Meat Recalled in 4 States
• “Here’s What Happened When I Stopped Taking Ozempic”: One Patient’s Story Navigating a New Normal
• The Best Way to Keep Weight Off? Weigh Yourself This Often, Says New Study

Start spreading the news: If you brought a store-brand version of cream cheese anytime in the past two months, or if you’ve done a fast food breakfast run, you might want to check your dairy drawer or Dunkin’ bag. Thursday, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published a report that 835,721 units of cream cheese had been recalled due to “potential Salmonella contamination.”

Green Bay, WI-based manufacturer Schreiber Foods is the organization that’s issuing the recall after distributing eight varieties of cream cheese product to grocers or Dunkin’ restaurant locations in the following states: California, Florida, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Mississippi, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, Washington and Wisconsin. The FDA notes that product was also shipped to Puerto Rico.

Expiration dates for all products range between August and October 2024. At least some product was packaged in April 2024.

The potentially contaminated products go by the following brand names and were sold according to variety through the following outlets:

• Cream Cheese Spread
  • Packaged under the following brands:
    • Dunkin, Net Wt 8 oz. (226g), UPC 0 29244-01497 0. Manufactured Exclusively for Dunkin Brands Inc. 130 Royal St. Canton, MA 02021
    • Happy Farms, Net Wt 8 oz. (226g). UPC 4099100101737, Dist &Sold Exclusively by Aldi, Batavia, IL 60510.
    • Hy Vee, Net Wt 8 oz. (226g), UPC 0 75450-09610 1. Distributed by Hy-Vee Inc. West Des Moines, IA 50266.
    • Hy Vee, Net Wt 12 oz. (340g), UPC 0 75450-09612 5. Distributed by Hy-Vee Inc. West Des Moines, IA 50266.
    • Piggly Wiggly, Net Wt 8 oz. (226g), UPC 0 41290-1066 9. Distributed by Piggly Wiggly LLC, Keene NH 03431.
    • Schnucks, Net Wt 8 oz. (226g). UPC 0 41318-58023 5. Distributed By Schnuck Markets, Inc. St. Louis, MO 63146-6928
    • Bulk Culinary Cream Cheese Spread, Net Wt. 30 lbs. Manufactured by Schreiber Foods, Inc., Green Bay, Wi 54301

• Whipped Cream Cheese Spread, Net Wt 8 oz. (226g)
  • Packaged under the following brands:
    • Dutch Farms, Net, UPC 0 919145-67990 1. Distribured By: Dutch Farms, Chicago, IL 60628.
    • Fareway, UPC 0 21333-83051 5. Packed for Fareway Store, Inc. Boone, Iowa 50036.
    • Happy Farms, UPC 4099100101881, Dist & Sold Exclusively by Aldi, Batavia, IL 60510
    • Hy Vee , UPC 0 75450-09613 2. Distributed by Hy-Vee Inc. West Des Moines, IA 50266.
    • Kroger, UPC 0 11110-58088 7. Distributed By The Kroger Co., Cincinnati, OH 45202.  
    • Our Family, UPC 0 70253-50994 0. Distributed by Pique Brands, Inc. Grand Rapids, MI 49518.
    • Schnuck, UPC 0 41318-58005 1. Distributed By Schnuck Markets, Inc., St. Louis, MO 63146-6928. 

• Garden Vegetable Cream Cheese Spread, Net Wt 8 oz. (226g)
  • Packaged under the following brands:
    • Fareway, UPC 0 21333-83053 9. Packed for Fareway Store, Inc. Boone, Iowa 50036.  
    • Essential Everyday, UPC 0 41303-00625 2. Distributed By Supervalu Inc., Eden Prairie, MN 55344.
    • Schnuck, UPC 0 41318-58005 1. Distributed By Schnuck Markets, Inc., St. Louis, MO 63146-6928.
    • Hy Vee, UPC 0 75450-09606 4. Distributed By Hy-Vee Inc. West Des Moines, IA 50266.  
    • Our Family, UPC 0 70253-50100 5. Distributed By Pique Brands, Inc. Grand Rapids, MI 49518

• Strawberry Cream Cheese Spread, Net Wt 8 oz. (226g)
  • Packaged under the following brands:
    • Fareway, UPC 0 21333-83052 2. Packed for Fareway Store, Inc. Boone, Iowa 50036.
    • Happy Farms, UPC 4099100 101744, Dist & Sold Exclusively by Aldi, Batavia, IL 60510.
    • Hy Vee, UPC 0 75450-09616 3. Distributed by Hy-VeeInc. West Des Moines, IA 50266.
    • Schnuck, UPC 0 41318-58007 5. Distributed By Schnuck Markets, Inc., St. Louis, MO 63146-6928.

• Chive and Onion Cream Cheese Spread, Net Wt. 8 oz. (226g)
  • Packaged under the following brands:
    • Fareway, UPC 0 21333-83066 9. Packed for Fareway Store, Inc. Boone, Iowa 50036.
    • Happy Farms, UPC 4099100 101751. Dist & Sold Exclusively by Aldi, Batavia, IL 60510.
    • Hy Vee, UPC 0 75450-09607 1. Distributedby Hy-Vee Inc. West Des Moines, IA 50266. 
• Blueberry Cream Cheese Spread, Net Wt. 8 oz. (226g)
  • Packaged under the brand Essential Everyday, UPC 0 41303-04876, Distributed By UNFI, Providence, RI 02908

• Variety Tray Chive Onion (UPC 4099100 101751), Strawberry (UPC 4099100 101744), and Plain Cream Cheese Spread (UPC 4099100 101737), each container Net Wt. 8 oz. (226g)
  • Packaged under the brand Happy Farms, UPC. Dist & Sold Exclusively by Aldi

• Ranch Garlic Cream Cheese Spread, Net Wt. 5 lbs.
  • Manufactured By Schreiber Foods, Inc., Green Bay, WI 54301

The FDA categorizes this as a Class II recall.

What Each FDA Recall Classification Means
Class I Recall	This is the most severe recall type, issued for products that could cause serious health issues or death.
Class II Recall	This type involves products that may cause temporary or medically reversible adverse health effects.
Class III Recall	This is for products that are unlikely to cause health problems but fail to comply with FDA labeling or manufacturing regulations.

There do not appear to be manufacturer instructions for how customers should proceed, but consumers may consider attempting to return purchased items to place of purchase.

The Mayo Clinic lists diarrhea, cramps, fever, nausea, headache, chills and blood in the stool as possible Salmonella symptoms. Contact a healthcare provider if you believe you may have consumed any of the recalled products.

For more wellness updates, subscribe to The Healthy by Reader’s Digest newsletter and follow The Healthy on Facebook and Instagram. Keep reading:

• What Is a Recall, and Why Do They Happen? An Expert Explains
• More Than 20,000 Pounds of Meat Recalled in 4 States
• Costco Just Recalled a Major Cheese Brand in One U.S. Region
• 2 Over-the-Counter Pain Creams Recalled Nationwide

If you’ve known someone in your life who’s been affected by Alzheimer’s or dementia, you know what an incredibly painful disease it can be. According to the World Health Organization, dementia is one of the leading causes of disability and dependence among older adults. It can disrupt memory, cognitive function, mood, and lead to early death.

While you may know early signs of dementia such as forgetfulness, misplacing things, getting lost, or having trouble finding the right words, a new study suggests there could be an early symptom in your stride, too.

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The June 2024 study published in the Public Library of Science (often referred to as PLOS ONE, a prestigious peer-reviewed scientific journal) aimed to both “provide further support for the need to screen for early functional changes in older adults and to look for an early association between decline in mobility and cognition.”

It involved 95 adults in Havana, Cuba, each of whom was age 60 or older, who regularly got “mild” exercise and had no signs of cognitive impairment. An international team of researchers on aging assessed a gait speed test on participants after asking them to stand still behind a starting line and then walk at their usual pace for about six meters, with the first and second meter being considered the “acceleration” and “deceleration” zones and the middle four meters considered the “testing” zone. The researchers recorded how long it took the participants to walk through the testing zone, taking the average time of two trails per participant to determine their gait speed.

The researchers also measured the participants’ mental acuity using the mini-mental state examination (MMSE), a common screening tool for cognitive impairment in older adults, and administered an electroencephalogram (EEG), which measures the brain’s electrical activity.

• 14 Everyday Habits Can Seriously Increase Your Dementia Risk
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There are the foods you definitely shouldn’t heat in the microwave, but then there’s…everything else. It was between the 1960s and 1980s when microwave ovens grew into ubiquity for their speed, convenience, and ease of use—and Whirlpool cites data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics that suggests by 1997, 90% of American homes reported having a microwave.

As popular as they are, microwaves have been held in mild suspicion in recent years due to consumer uncertainty about their safety and impacts on health and nutrition. It’s safe to say this hasn’t caused most of us to do away with them, but if you have questions, we have answers—about the radiation microwaves emit, whether they zap the nutrients from our food, and the possible “leeching” of chemicals from packaging and containers directly into what we ingest.

We hit the “Start” button into microwave safety research from leading health institutions and researchers. Keep reading to learn the surprising findings—including that in some cases, microwaving can actually help preserve nutrients in your food.

A few experts with an eye on microwave safety and compliance

Since 1971, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has overseen the manufacture of microwave ovens, ensuring that manufacturers adhere to strict safety performance standards to protect public health. It’s assuring to note that the FDA seems to take a close scientific perspective on this uniquely technological appliance. The administration determines whether microwave ovens comply with their standards and are used according to manufacturer instructions. If so, they are deemed safe for use.

Meanwhile, research into microwave safety is still cooking. A 2022 peer-reviewed literature review by Polish commercial food technology researchers, published in Trends in Food Science and Technology, asserted that “microwaved food is a viable and healthy alternative for heating food products.”

Here’s how microwaves work

Microwave ovens cook food using electromagnetic radiation. This type of energy is similar to the energy used for radio waves but at a higher frequency, which allows it to interact with the food. Microwaves are a type of non-ionizing radiation, which means they don’t pose the same risks as ionizing radiation like X-rays or gamma rays, which can alter chemical structures and DNA.

A microwave oven contains an electron tube called a magnetron that generates microwaves. These waves are reflected by the oven’s metal interior, allowing them to penetrate the food. Foods with high water content, like vegetables, heat up quickly because they absorb microwaves more efficiently.

If you’re concerned about radiation “baking” into your food during microwaving, the FDA clarifies that the microwave energy is converted to heat as it’s absorbed by the food, so it is not “radioactive” or “contaminated.”

Are microwaves bad for you?

The verdict on radiation exposure

One of the primary concerns is that microwaves might leak radiation, potentially harming human health. This might even inspire you to quickly jump away when you hit the “Start” button. Rest assured, microwave ovens are designed with multiple safety features that prevent any such leakage. The FDA assures us that as long as a microwave is well-maintained and operated according to the manufacturer’s instructions, it will not emit any harmful radiation.

However, there is a potential risk for microwave energy leakage if your microwave shows any signs of damage, such as:

Signs Your Microwave May Be Emitting Toxins

Issues with door hinges

Damaged latches

Damaged seals

A door that does not open or close properly

In these cases you should contact the manufacturer for repairs. Exposure to high levels of microwaves has been shown to cause serious health issues like skin burns or cataracts. The effects of exposure to low levels of microwaves are less clear, but caution is always advised.

Additionally, as a safety precaution, experts recommend against standing directly against the microwave, particularly for long durations while it is in use, and ensure that children maintain a safe distance as well.

Microwaves and nutrient loss

Another common concern is that microwaving food might result in greater nutrient loss compared to other cooking methods. Contrary to this, experts have said microwave cooking may actually preserve more vitamins and minerals. This is primarily because microwaves can cook food quickly and without the need for water, which can leach nutrients during traditional cooking processes.

Harvard Health highlights research indicating that microwave cooking is particularly effective at preserving the vitamin C content in vegetables—often performing better than boiling.

Formation of harmful compounds

Research has demonstrated that microwaving food in plastic containers can lead to the release of harmful chemicals such as bisphenol-A (BPA) and phthalates. These substances are of concern due to their potential links to hormonal disruptions and serious health issues, including heart disease, diabetes, and impacts on human reproduction and development. To reduce this risk, use containers specifically labeled as “microwave-safe.”

Despite the availability of products in supermarkets that are labeled as microwave safe, there remains conflicting information regarding their actual safety from various regulatory bodies. In response to this uncertainty, Joseph Alpert, MD, and Qin Mary Chen, PhD, in a commentary published in the American Journal of Medicine, recommend an extra measure of caution: transferring food from plastic packages to glass or terracotta bowls before microwaving. They admit this may seem overly cautious but affirm that the minimal effort involved is a worthwhile precaution for health safety.

This cautious approach is further supported by recent research findings. A study conducted in July 2023 by researchers at Nebraska University found that microwaving plastic baby food containers could release enormous quantities of plastic particles—specifically, up to two billion nanoplastics and four million microplastics per square centimeter of the container.

Uneven cooking

Microwaves can sometimes cook food unevenly, which can lead to “cold spots” where harmful bacteria can survive. This issue can be addressed by following proper stirring and standing time guidelines, which allow heat to distribute more evenly throughout the food.

How to use your microwave safely

• Always follow the instructions and safety guidelines provided in the user manual specific to your microwave model.

• Only use cookware that is specifically designed for microwave use.

• Do not use the microwave if the door is damaged, does not close properly, or seems bent or warped.

• Immediately discontinue use of the microwave if it operates with the door open.

• Avoid heating water or liquids beyond the time limit recommended in the manufacturer’s guidelines.

• Consult the user manual to determine if your microwave should not be run while empty.

• Clean the interior cavity, the edges, and the door of your microwave regularly using water and mild detergent. There is no need for special microwave cleaning products, and abrasive materials like scouring pads or steel wool should be avoided.

The takeaway

Microwaves are not inherently bad for you. Like any cooking method, they have their pros and cons. The key is to use the microwave correctly—by maintaining the oven in good working order, using microwave-safe cookware, and following the recommended cooking times and procedures.

For wellness updates delivered daily, subscribe to The Healthy by Reader’s Digest newsletter and follow The Healthy on Facebook and Instagram. Keep reading:

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• What Are the Best Foods to Fight Cancer? Here’s What’s in a Cancer Dietitian’s Fridge
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• How To Eat More Vegetables: 18 Tricks from Nutritionists
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A spring 2022 survey by the American Academy of Dermatology revealed Americans are more aware of the necessity of sun protection than we were five years prior. Still, getting all ages to apply it can take some convincing. This week, the US Food and Drug Administration reports two sunscreen brands that manufacture products marketed to protect the whole family have been recalled after having been sold online and at retailers across the country.

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Aloe Gator Sunscreen and Bull Frog Sunscreen are both recalling products due to an active ingredient being “out of specification,” according to the recall notices. By the FDA’s standards, this refers to “test results that fall outside the specifications or acceptance criteria established.” This has been categorized as a Class II recall.

What Each FDA Recall Classification Means
Class I Recall	This is the most severe recall type, issued for products that could cause serious health issues or death.
Class II Recall	This type involves products that may cause temporary or medically reversible adverse health effects.
Class III Recall	This is for products that are unlikely to cause health problems but fail to comply with FDA labeling or manufacturing regulations.

The active ingredient contained in the three recalled sunscreen products is octocrylene, which is a compound often used in sunscreen due to its reported “ability to neutralize UV radiation dissipated by sunlight, and to minimize skin damage from prolonged sun exposure,” according to the National Library of Medicine.

However, octocrylene has come under fire in recent years because of its potential carcinogenic properties. According to a 2021 study published in Chemical Research in Toxicology, octocrylene can naturally degrade into the chemical benzophenone over time, which is “a suspected carcinogen that can interfere with key hormones and reproductive organs,” according to Yale Medicine. Lead researchers of that study even called on the FDA to remove sunscreens containing octocrylene due to its dangers.

Bull Frog is recalling a reported 9,697 units of a product that appears to be sold through Amazon, Walmart, and other major retailers. Aloe Gator is recalling about 10,000 units across two products which appear to be sold through Amazon.

The recalled sunscreens include:

• Bull Frog SPF 50 Amphibious Lotion with Water Armor Tech, Broad Spectrum Sunscreen with UVA/UVB Protection, NEW WT. 5 FL OZ (148ML)
• ALOE GATOR, (Octocrylene 8%, Octyl Methoxycinnamate 6%, Benzophone 3 6%, Octyl Salicylate 5%), SPF 40+, Broad Spectrum Protective Gel, Sport Performance, NET WT 4 OZ (113g) – 6,264 units recalled
• ALOE GATOR, (Octocrylene 8%, Octyl Methoxycinnamate 6%, Benzophone 3 6%, Octyl Salicylate 5%), Original Formula, SPF 40+, Broad Spectrum Protective Gel, Sport Performance, NET WT 1 OZ (28 g) – 4,013 units recalled

The recalled Bull Frog sunscreen bears an expiration date of March 31, 2026. Both recalled Aloe Gator sunscreens bear an expiration date of January 31, 2025.

The recall notices do not contain instructions for customers who bought the recalled products and are seeking a refund. However, Bull Frog Sunscreen can be contacted on its website. The website and phone number listed on the back label of Aloe Gator Sunscreen products are no longer in use.

When it comes to sex and intimacy—whether you’re exploring alone or with a partner—sexual health professionals agree that foreplay and sex shouldn’t be constrained by time. Individual preferences and responses uniquely shape each person’s experience of sex and pleasure.

Some experts say this principle also applies to masturbation. Though you may have wondered about the “right” duration for masturbation, it generally depends on personal comfort and mutual consent when with a partner…but there are a few other points clinical professionals say you might consider.

If you’re worried or curious about how long your masturbation sessions last, it’s important to avoid jumping to conclusions about potential problems. Jessica Shepherd, MD, MBA, FACOG, board-certified OB/GYN and thought leader on menopause, and Kayla Meyer, LCSW, licensed certified social worker, therapist, and co-founder of Pothos Health, both offer guidance if you’ve ever questioned whether your masturbation duration is normal.

Is masturbation healthy?

It’s healthy to ask such a question, Meyer says. “From the mental health perspective, starting with questions and exploration is often healthier than leaning into the fears of self-diagnosing sexual addiction or sexual dysfunction.”

The Cleveland Clinic asserts that masturbation is a natural and normal part of sexual development. It provides a safe way to explore your body, experience pleasure, and achieve sexual release. This view is supported by extensive research, including studies that suggest significant long-term health benefits.

However, despite its advantages for both individual and relational health, masturbation continues to be less researched and frequently stigmatized compared to partnered sex, according to authors of a 2023 study.

Research indicates that frequent ejaculation in men might lower the risk of prostate cancer, potentially due to the clearing of cancer-causing substances from the prostate gland.

For women, research has yielded evidence that the benefits of masturbation can include relief from menstrual cramps—and, for older women, reduced vaginal dryness and less pain during intercourse. Science suggests a wide age range of women may experience increased likelihood of orgasm during partnered sex, thanks perhaps to greater general emotional comfort that masturbating can help develop. Dr. Shepherd explains: “Contrary to the idea that very frequent masturbation may lead to desensitization, there is evidence that masturbation practice may actually help shorten orgasmic latency and improve orgasmic function.” She adds: “Also, partnered sex can be done with masturbation techniques and therefore improve orgasmic capacity, and overall sexual satisfaction for women.”

How long should masturbation last?

The duration of masturbation varies greatly and doesn’t necessarily indicate health issues. Before jumping to conclusions about sexual dysfunction or addiction, Meyer suggests considering the following questions: Has there been a shift in life circumstances that could explain an increase in masturbation? Are you noticing a discrepancy between your usual sexual desires and what is being satisfied in partnered sex? Is your partner unable or unwilling to meet your sexual needs?

Meyer explains, “When we think of dysfunction or addiction, it typically indicates we are unable to meet a social or professional need before our sexual ones. Unless a person’s thoughts are bombarded with sexual desire or fantasy and they are not able to meet professional and personal responsibilities, they are not considered addicted or have addiction-based tendencies toward sex.”

Physically, certain factors like medications—including some antidepressants, high blood pressure medicines, or diuretics—along with health conditions such as diabetes, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular issues, or hormonal imbalances—can affect sexual function, including climaxing, potentially prolonging masturbation time.

Dr. Shepherd notes, “As women age, there are changes in hormones, namely estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone, that may create changes in the duration of orgasm as well as time to climax.” These hormonal changes can also affect mood, potentially leading to unsatisfying partnered sex and more frequent masturbation. It’s crucial for couples to discuss their sexual preferences and needs openly. Dr. Shepherd adds, “It is also important to identify the reason for masturbation, whether it’s to decrease sexual tension or anxiety; these reasons may be due to difficulties with orgasm or issues with negative trauma in the past.”

Do toys affect masturbation duration?

If you’re using toys during extended masturbation sessions and are worried about losing sensitivity, Meyer provides reassurance: “There is no evidence that vibrators used in self-pleasure or partnered sex decrease the sensitivity of the clitoris or that women should be discouraged from using toys.” In fact, incorporating toys often increases the likelihood of achieving orgasm.

Meyer further suggests, “As a licensed therapist, it is a great idea to start with and ask some questions about the motivation and reward behaviors of humans or coupled folks. If a man or woman wants to have partnered sex and knows their partner is unlikely to be able to meet the baseline sexual desire per week or completion during sex, pulling in toys is a great addition.”

Vibrators and other toys are excellent for enhancing personal desires, needs, or fantasies. There is no need to limit joy unless there is a genuine concern about sexual addiction or masturbation addiction. Meyer explains that there is a difference between I am exploring and getting to know my sexual baseline and needs and I would like treatment for my sexual addiction, and she adds that most individuals identify with the former. Since the acknowledgment and fulfillment of sexual needs can sometimes feel unfamiliar, it is easy for women to mistakenly worry that something is wrong. However, the experts suggest sexual fulfillment is a basic human need, essential to our well-being.

The bottom line

“If you are unsure if your masturbation is impacting your mental health, take a break; that’s the ultimate and best test of the impact,” advises Meyer. Successfully taking a break for several days or a week without feeling a compulsive need to return to masturbation indicates a healthy level of self-control in your relationship with sexual activity.

Conversely, if you find it difficult to maintain self-control over your desires, if they’re interfering with your normal relationships and responsibilities, or if you act against a decision you’ve made to abstain from masturbation or partnered sex, this could suggest an unhealthy relationship with masturbation or sex. In such cases, it is wise to consult a licensed psychotherapist.

If you’re experiencing any physical issues, such as difficulty achieving climax, delayed ejaculation, or anything else that seems unusual and causing distress, don’t hesitate to consult your healthcare provider. Additionally, keep an eye out for any irritation or chafing in delicate skin areas. While minor physical effects should heal within a day or two, it’s important to contact your healthcare provider if problems persist.

For the latest health research and answers to common health curiosities delivered to you daily, get The Healthy by Reader’s Digest newsletter and follow The Healthy on Facebook and Instagram. Keep reading:

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According to a 2023 survey by Gallup, 50% of Americans have tried marijuana—the greatest number on record since the global analytics and advisory firm started its annual survey in 2003. Meanwhile, today a UCLA study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association calculated cannabis use among 176,000 UCLA primary care patients to find that one in six said they smoke, vape, or ingest cannabis products to manage a stress, pain, sleep, or a medical condition.

In any case, experimentation has risen—the data hint that it’s possible half the guests you brush elbows with at parties this summer have tried marijuana at some point.

So a new study highlights that there’s no easy way to scientifically but efficiently determine whether an intoxicated driver has ingested marijuana the same way there is for alcohol. Restrictions around the levels of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis, in the blood are also largely based on smoking marijuana…but reports indicate that people are increasingly ingesting marijuana, such as through edibles.

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A May 2024 study published in the Journal of Cannabis Research (an international, peer-reviewed journal that’s affiliated with the Institute of Cannabis Research at Colorado State University-Pueblo) aimed to examine exactly how—and how long—eating an edible might affect someone who is driving.

For the study, a team of Toronto researchers specializing in pharmacology, toxicology, and psychiatry gathered participants between the ages of 19 and 79 who had a driver’s license for at least 12 months, drove at least once a month and who said they had ingested an edible at least once in the prior six months.

Participants were given edibles that contained about 7.3 milligrams (mg) of THC. Then, after two, four and six hours, participants used a driving simulator to measure differences in their driving behaviors after consuming the edible. The researchers also collected a blood sample before giving participants the edible sample, then again two hours later.

On average, participants drove slower two hours after ingesting the edible, but not after four or six hours. However, during check-ins with the researchers at each interval, participants also self-reported their experience being altered up to seven hours after edible consumption, and being less willing to drive up to six hours later.

When it came to driving impairment, the researchers did not observe that participants were “weaving” from left to right, increasing their speed, or demonstrating unusual changes in speed or reaction time after eating the edible. THC levels in the participants’ blood samples significantly increased after eating the edible, but they were still considered “relatively low,” according to the study, at 2.8 nanograms per milliliter two hours after consumption.

The study authors state that there was no correlation found between blood THC levels and “weaving” or increases in average speed, which they say aligns with recent research on smoked cannabis that indicates there isn’t a straightforward relationship between blood THC and driving impairment. “It may be possible that, for the smoked route, there is a threshold above which driving is impacted,” they write. “However, the present study suggests that blood THC may not be as useful for detection of impaired driving after edibles as it may be for the smoked route.”

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Early barbecue season coincides with what experts have said has been an unprecedented year for recalls over food safety.

Now late Tuesday, June 4, 2024, the US Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Services (FSIS) published the recall of a mass quantity of beef imported to the US from Uruguay. The FSIS suggests nine types of beef, such as chuck roll, brisket, and short rib, “were not presented to FSIS for import reinspection upon entry into the United States.” This is approximately the nation’s sixth meat recall this year.

It’s said this batch, totaling a reported 20,111 pounds, was distributed to retailers, restaurants, and other public businesses in Arizona, California, Oregon and Washington by 5Gogi LLC, a company based in Commerce, CA. Further detail about locations carrying or serving the beef is unavailable. The recall alert says the product was imported to the US on or around March 17, 2024.

The FSIS reports that the product displayed “establishment number 58 printed inside the Uruguay inspection mark located on the shipping box and vacuum sealed product packaging.”

The products’ details and specifications, per the FSIS:

• Various weight cardboard cases labeled as “Frigorífico Casa Blanca S.A. AGUJA CHUCK ROLL” with case code JP0001 containing individually vacuum sealed products displaying “FRICASA”
• Various weight cardboard cases labeled as “Frigorífico Casa Blanca S.A. ASADO SIN HUESO SHORT RIB” with case code JP0002 containing individually vacuum sealed products displaying “FRICASA”
• Various weight cardboard cases labeled as “Frigorífico Casa Blanca S.A. BIFE ANCHO CUBE ROLL” with case code JP0003 containing individually vacuum sealed products displaying “FRICASA”
• Various weight cardboard cases labeled as “Frigorífico Casa Blanca S.A. BIFE ANGOSTO STRIPLOIN” with case code JP0004 containing individually vacuum sealed products displaying “FRICASA”
• Various weight cardboard cases labeled as “Frigorífico Casa Blanca S.A. BIFE GRANDE DE VACÍO FLAP MEAT” with case code JP0005 containing individually vacuum sealed products displaying “FRICASA”
• Various weight cardboard cases labeled as “Frigorífico Casa Blanca S.A. CARNAZA DE PALETA SHOULDER CLOD” with case code JP0006 containing individually vacuum sealed products displaying “FRICASA”
• Various weight cardboard cases labeled as “Frigorífico Casa Blanca S.A. LOMO TENDERLOIN” with case code JP0007 containing individually vacuum sealed products displaying “FRICASA”
• Various weight cardboard cases labeled as “Frigorífico Casa Blanca S.A. MARUCHA OYSTER BLADE” with case code JP0008 containing individually vacuum sealed products displaying “FRICASA”
• Various weight cardboard cases labeled as “Frigorífico Casa Blanca S.A. PECHO BRISKET” with case code JP0009 containing individually vacuum sealed products displaying “FRICASA”

The FSIS says the problem was identified during routine FSIS inspection of imported food, and that at press time there have been no confirmed reports of adverse reactions from consuming these products.

If you believe you may be experiencing symptoms, the agency recommends contacting a healthcare provider.

For wellness updates delivered daily, subscribe to The Healthy by Reader’s Digest newsletter and follow The Healthy on Facebook and Instagram. Keep reading:

• A Major Condiment “Distributed Nationwide in Retail Stores” Has Been Recalled
• Costco Just Recalled a Major Cheese Brand in One U.S. Region
• 2 Over-the-Counter Pain Creams Recalled Nationwide
• More Than 200,000 Kitchen Appliances Recalled by 2 Major Brands

Statins rank as some of the most frequently prescribed medications in the United States—the Cleveland Clinic says 92 million U.S. adults take statins to lower their risk of cardiovascular complications, especially those with high cholesterol, diabetes, or existing heart conditions. Statins prevent cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes, by inhibiting a key enzyme the liver uses to produce cholesterol.

Rajesh Shah, MD is a board-certified interventional cardiologist and director of the Heart Attack Program at AdventHealth in Orlando. We spoke with Dr. Shah, who emphasized that statins are “a group of medications that have had exhaustive scientific evaluation over a generation to determine that they do have mortality benefit from a cardiovascular standpoint.”

However, in recent years, emerging research and reports have suggested a potential link between statin use and cognitive changes. With projections indicating that the incidence of dementia could triple by 2050, it’s important to gain a deeper scientific understanding of the effects of statins beyond heart health.

Ahead, we explore what researchers and experts have to say about whether statins cause dementia, with some evidence that shows they may actually reduce the risk.

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Do statins cause memory problems?

Statins’ primary role is to manage cholesterol, but their influence on the brain is complex due to the brain’s high cholesterol needs for normal function. Cholesterol is vital for creating cell membranes and producing certain hormones and vitamins in the brain.

Some statins can cross the blood-brain barrier, which raises questions about their impact on these critical processes: On the one hand, statins may protect the brain by improving blood flow, reducing inflammation, and lowering the risk of stroke. Stroke is a major risk factor for cognitive decline.

On the other hand, there are hypotheses that statins might interfere with the brain’s cholesterol metabolism, possibly affecting memory and cognitive functions.

However, the evidence is mixed and further research is needed to understand these interactions fully.

Do statins increase the risk of dementia?

Recent studies have explored whether statin therapy might elevate the risk of dementia, but Dr. Shah clarifies that “there has been no definite link.”

In fact, meta-analyses of observational studies suggest that statins could actually help reduce dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and mild cognitive impairment. Furthermore, a 2022 review by neuroscience researchers sought to address this question, but the answer remains complex due to numerous influencing factors such as age, sex, genetics, ethnicity, and medical conditions. These variables can obscure whether statins truly affect dementia risk.

Given their significant benefits, especially for coronary vascular disease patients, physicians continue to prescribe statins. Despite limited alternatives that offer similar mortality benefits, the therapeutic value of statins remains high.

The Food and Drug Administration notes on statin labels that some individuals may experience memory loss or confusion while on the medication. However, these side effects are reversible upon discontinuation. The Mayo Clinic reports that there is limited evidence of a direct cause-and-effect relationship, with most studies indicating that statins do not impact memory.

If you notice memory issues while on statins, consult your healthcare provider before making any changes to your regimen. Depending on your situation, they may adjust your dosage or switch you to a different type of statin.

Statins are categorized as either lipophilic, dissolving in fats, or hydrophilic, dissolving in water. This distinction matters because some studies have linked lipophilic statins to brain-related side effects, although other research shows no cognitive differences between the two types. Your healthcare provider will help determine if an adjustment is necessary.

The takeaway

Despite ongoing discussions, based on current data, the consensus in the medical community strongly supports the benefits of statin therapy outweighing the potential risks. “I anticipate there will be continued research in this space,” says Dr. Shah. “Recommendations may change over time, but at this present time, statin therapy is a mainstay in the treatment of cardiac and vascular disease.”

For more wellness updates, subscribe to The Healthy by Reader’s Digest newsletter and follow The Healthy on Facebook and Instagram. Keep reading:

• • New Research: Statins Might Also Slash Risk of the Most Prevalent Cancer
  • New Study: Here’s How Often You Should Poop To Reduce Your Alzheimer’s Risk
  • A Heart Doctor’s New, More Affordable Alternative for Statins
  • 9 Everyday Habits That Seriously Up Your Dementia Risk